History: Science or Fiction Reading 3
History: Science or Fiction?
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Speaker 0 (0s): Welcome back in real life. History Fiction And or saw you in science.
Speaker 1 (30s): I'm assuming you've all listened to the first few sessions. So with that being said, let us jump with both feet right back into the thick of it into History or is it Fiction timekeeping in the middle ages? Historians discussed the chaos reigning in the medieval dating's peculiar in medieval. Anachronisms the scalp of Gerry in a chronological version.
I was far from being the only one. It competed with Virgin virgins. It competed with the virgins
Speaker 0 (1m 19s): Prudence.
Speaker 1 (1m 20s): That's ridiculous. It competed with aversions that were significantly different. The crumb mentions with the chaos reigning in the medieval. Dating's 70 to page 73. Furthermore, the analysis of ancient documents shows us that old concepts of time were substantially different from modern ones before the 13th and 14th century.
The devices for time measurement were a rarity and a luxury. Even the scientist didn't always possess them. The Englishman Val carious was lamenting the lack of a clock that is afflicted the precision of his observations of a lunar eclipse in 10 91. The clocks come in for medieval Europe where sundials, hourglasses and water clocks or clip see Dre.
However, sundials only were have used when the weather was good. And the clips a Dre remained a scarcity page 94, just so everybody knows. I'm going to put whenever I read or say a page number that doesn't correspond with what I'm reading, or if I stop in say a page number, you should be able to look down and see the figure of which the book is talking about. So FYI, just for that, <inaudible> In the end of the ninth century, a D candles were widely used for timekeeping.
The English King Alfred took them a long on his journey's and ordered them to be burned one. After the other page 94, the same manner of timekeeping was used in the 13th and 14th century in the reign of Charles the fifth, for instance, the monks kept count of time by the amount of Holy book pages or Psalms they could read in between two observations of the sky for the majority. The main timekeeping medium was the tolling of the church bells page 94.
One is to bear in mind that astronomical observations require a chronometer that possesses a second hand. While we learn that even after the discovery and the propagation of mechanical chronometers in Europe, they have been lacking the minute hand for a long time page 95. It was also to be said that the ultra sophisticated chronological Kabbalah develop in the middle ages contradicts the imprecision of Tim poral observation's.
For instance, the very periods used for measuring time on earth, acquire an entirely different duration when use for measuring the biblical events, Augustine equaled every Genesis day to a millennium, thus attempting to define their duration of the history of humankind pages one Oh nine to one 10, such an inherent trait of the medieval history geography as its and a acronystic propensity is for importance to us is of importance to us.
Sorry about that. The past is described in the same categories as the contemporary epoch, the biblical and the ancient characters where medieval attire a medieval more or less describes Cardenas to the ancient Romans, which was a purely nightly virtue. The <inaudible> of the old and new Testament are not put in a direct temporal sequence to the fact that the portals of medieval cathedrals portray old Testament, Kings and patriarchs together with the ancient sages in evangelical characters, unravels the <inaudible> attitude of History like nothing else.
In the end of the 11th century, the crusaders were certain. They came to punish the actual executioners, have the savior and not there offspring. They just won 17 to one. It is significant enough and we shall come back to it later on modern historians based their observations on the scale of Jerian chronology, believing that the medieval authors had attained a state of great confusion and will concern both concepts in a box due to their alleged ignorance and that they had confused the ancient biblical epoch with the medieval one medieval painters, for instance, kept portraying the biblical and the ancient character's and typically medieval costumes.
However, another point of view is also viable. One that differs from the traditional love for anocronysms explanation, namely that all of the statements made by the medieval chronograph offers and artists may have reflected reality. And we consider them to be an anachronistic because we follow the erroneous Skella Jerian chronology the scale of Gerry in a chronological version only managed to immortalize one medieval chronological concept out of many other versions previously co-existed with the consensual, a chronology, for instance, if it was assumed that the Holy Roman empire of the German nation in the 10th through 13th century D was the immediate descendant of the ancient Roman empire that is alleged to have existed in the 11th century, a D according to the Scala Gerry in version Mark, the repercussions of the discussion that appears very odd in our time PetSmart made the statement that he was supposed to have based on a number of physiological and psychological observations that the privileges granted by Nero Caesar to the house of Austrian Dukes in the 13th century, a D or a fake, it needed the proof in those days for the modern historian.
The thought that the ancient Caesar and Nero were the contemporaries of a medieval Austrian house of Duke's that had only commenced its rain in 1273, a B D that is about 1200 years after Cesar in Nero is naturally a preposterous one. However, as we see the medieval opponents of Petrarch were have a different opinion since it needed proof Priester, it makes the following observation in this way, same notorious documents.
All the interested parties were perfectly aware that the documents were blatant and shameless forgeries such as the modern interpretation have the fact, and nevertheless politely shut their eyes on the circumstance, an abnormally large number of anachronisms that transposed ancient events into the <inaudible> of the 11th through 14th century is contained in the medieval German Chronicles and texts.
Detailed reference may be obtained. The reader must be accustomed to be leaving. The famous gladiator fights only occur in the distant ancient age. This is not the case. However, VE class off the class of Skee in having told us of the gladiator fights in the ancient Rome proceeds to add that these fights took place in the medieval Europe have the 14th century as well.
For instance, he mentions the gladiator fights in Naples around 1344, a D, which were attended by Johanna of Naples and Andrew of hungry. These medieval fights indeed, with the depth of one of the fighters, exactly the way they did in the ancient right times the chronology and the dating of biblical texts, the datings of religious sources are virtually woven out of obscurity and confusion. The biblical chronology in datings are have a very vague nature since they are based on the authority of late medieval theologians, the history, the historians, right?
The following, the true history of the origins of the books comprising the new Testament also fails to concur with the one backed by the church, the order of the new Testament books. And that is use nowadays as the direct opposite, have the one set by the ecclesial tradition. The real names of the authors of medieval books remain unknown. As we shall learn the consensual point of view about the old Testament books proceeding, those of the new Testament also causes many doubts and contradicts the results obtained by modern Periodico statistical dating methods.
One should also consider the issue of the age of the biblical manuscripts that have reached our time. They turn out to be of medieval Origen. The oldest more or less complete copies of the Greek Bible are the manuscripts of Alexandria Vatican and Mount Sinai. All three manuscripts are dated paleo graphically, which is with such an F from rural concept as handwriting style used as a basis to the second half of the ninth century 80, the codex language is green.
The least is known about the Vatican codex. Nobody knows how the artifact manifested in the Vatican around 1475. Imagine that the Alexandrian codex is known to have been given to the English King, Charles, the First by the patriarch Cyril, a nucleus
Speaker 3 (12m 25s): In 1628.
Speaker 1 (12m 27s): The codex of Mount Sinai was only discovered in the 19th century by Kay tischendorf pages two 68 to two 70. So the three oldest codices in the Bible only service after the war 15th century had the reputation of their antiquity was created by the authority of K Titian door who had based his research on the style of handwriting.
However, the very idea of paleo graphical dating apparently implies the existence of a known Global chronology of other documents. And thus cannot be regarded as an independent dating method in any way. What we know for certain is that the History of these documents can be traced as far back as 1475. In other words, no other more or less complete ancient Greek Bibles. It works
Speaker 3 (13m 26s): Exist among right
Speaker 1 (13m 28s): Separate biblical books. The oldest ones are considered to be those of Zachariah and Malakai data to the alleged
Speaker 3 (13m 37s): Sixth century, a D
Speaker 1 (13m 39s): Also pay or paleo graphically. The most ancient in biblical manuscripts are angry.
Speaker 3 (13m 47s): Page two 70.
Speaker 1 (13m 49s): There are no he break manuscripts or the Bible feeding in the ninth century in existence. Although those of a more recent time, primarily the middle of the alleged 13th century are kept in many national library's. The oldest Hebraic, a manuscript is a fragment of the books of prophets, and it is data to eight 59, a D one of the two second oldest manuscripts is data to nine, 16, 80, and contains the books of the prophets, the other, his data to 1008 80, and contains the text of the old Testament.
However, the first manuscript was dated to 1228 by the scribe, the so-called Babylonian punctuation of letters given here allows this text to be dated by the solution AERA, which gives us nine 16. However, there are no serious foundation's for such a statement, and it is hence possible that the dating was given in years since Christ, in which case, in which case the manuscript would be long to the 13th century and not the 10th.
The oldest he breaks a document containing the complete old Testament can be ascribed to the alleged year, 1008, a D it is supposed to the biblical cannon was agreed upon by thee Leo D see, and counsel them in three 63, a D, but no edicts of this council remain in existence. And the same concerns. The previous councils, the cannon was really made official buy. The new tried in council called And 1545, the <inaudible> of the reformation, and continued until 1563.
In figure 1.3, three, we can see a painting of one of the council sessions by a Titan. So a great many books where destroyed by the edict have the tried and council are the ones to consider apocryphal, namely the Chronicles of the JAIC and Israeli Kings. We shall never be able to read these books, but there is one thing that we can be perfectly certain of. They were destroyed since they had described History differently from the books approved by the winning faction of the scholar, Jerry It historians.
We should emphasize that there were a lot more apocryphal Opus is that those certified canonical and that most biblical datings are wholly dependent on paleography, which means that they are based upon the op priori chronological knowledge of the skeleton area in school. And he would change automatically if a chronological paradigm shift occurred.
Let us give an important example in 1902, the Englishman Nash purchased a fragment of an Egyptian papyri is a manuscript whose dating cannot be agreed upon by the scientist to this day. Do you find a new agreement was made that the text corresponds to the beginning of our era later on after the discovery of the Qumran manuscripts, the comparison of the handwriting Stiles in both Nash's per Pirate's and the manuscripts allowed for the determination of the greater antiquity of the ladder.
Thus one papaya is fragment whose dating cannot be agreed upon pulls a whole lot of other documents after it. Nevertheless, the dating of the Qumran scrolls provoked major dispute amongst scientists. The dating range I was given from the second century and until the <inaudible> of the crusades in the early and dating is considered proven F in 1962, when a radio carbon research of the Qumran manuscripts was conducted, how Weber as the us, as we shall mention it again, later on the radio carbon method is really unsuitable the dating of specimen whose age falls into a span of two to three millennia.
Since the ensuing datings cover too wide of a time range. This may read shame, Y as wide, a span is one to 2000 years' for specimens, whose age reach is one to 2000 years, as you can see, they're pretty much ridiculous. Although dated the Cron manuscripts to a 68, a D the American historian S Zeeland categorically insists on the medieval origin of these texts, we shall give you a more detailed account of matters concerning the biblical manuscripts in Chronicle six difficulties and contradictions arising from the reading of old text, how does one read a text written and continents exclusively, the vocalization problem, or the datings of other biblical fragments that we possess today?
Also need attentive, additional analysis attempts to read most of the old manuscripts, such as the biblical in the ancient Egyptian ones are often confront historians with Sara with severe difficulties. The first steps of our research into the primordial language of the old Testament brings us to the fact of paramount importance, which is that written Hebrew, neither had signs for a vowels originally, nor or any other signs to replace them.
The books have the old Testament were written and nothing but consonants. The situation is a typical ancient Slavonic text's for instance, also come as chains of continence often even lacking the vocalization symbols and separation of individual words from one another, just an endless stream of continents, ancient Egyptian texts also contain nothing but continents. The name of the Egyptian Kings are rendered in modern literature in a perfectly arbitrary manner, all a primary school textbook content.
There is a plethora of significant variations that define all the attempts of classification being as a result of arbitrary interpretation that become a tradition. It is possible that the scarcity and the high cost of writing materials made the ancient scribes extremely frugal, and the vowels where you eliminated as a result. It is true that if we take a Hebrew Bible or a manuscript, nowadays, we shall find a skeleton of continence filled with DOT's and other signs that are supposed to refer to the missing vowels, such signs were not included in the ancient Hebrew Bible.
The books had been written in continence exclusively and filled with the vowels by the readers to the best of their ability and in accordance with the apparent demands of common sense and a oral tradition. Imagine how precise the kind of writing that consisted of them are nothing but continents would be today. When the combination BLD, for instance could mean blood bled, bull, bill Boyle, bald, et cetera, RVR, it could stand for a river Rover or a raver, the vocalization Alia, Tory quotient in him in ancient Hebrew, SAIC, and other old languages, exceptionally high, many continent combinations may be vocalized in dozens of ways.
Cassini is wrote that it was easily understood how I'm perfect and unclear such writing method has been T F Curtis also noted that even for priests, the meaning of the scripture remained extremely doubtful and could only be understood with the aid of the tradition and its authority, Robertson Smith ads, the ads that the scholars had no other guide, but the actual a text that was often ambiguous and oral tradition, they had no grammatical rules to follow the Hebraic that they wrote and often allow for verbal constructions that were impossible in the ancient language Scala Geri.
And History consider this status quo to have prevailed for many centuries. It is furthermore assume that this paucity of the Hebraic Bible was only remedied in the seventh or eighth century of our era when the Montserrat's had prophesied processed the Bible and added symbols that stood for vowels, but they had no other guides, but their own intuition and very fragmentary oral tradition.
And this fact is known perfectly well to every expert in the Hebraic languages driver points out that since the Montserrat's and their efforts in the seventh and eighth centuries, the Jews have started to protect their Holy books with the utmost zeal and vigor. When it had already been too late to mitigate the damage done
Speaker 3 (23m 46s): To them in anyway, the results of the overzealous protection has been the magnetization have the distortions that have been made equal to the original text in authority. The common opinion you use to be that the vowels were introduced to the Hebraic texts by Ezra in the fifth century, BC when Lavita and Capelli is proved the wrong in the 16th and 17th century, France demonstrating that the vowels had only been introduced by the Mosrite.
So the discovery meeting, great sensation in the entire Protestant in Europe, many were have the opinion that there's new theory might lead to be complete dethronement of religion. If the vows weren't received in any Tiffani of divine inspiration, being nearly a human creation and in a relatively recent one, At that how could one rely on the text of the Holy rent? The debate that followed had been amongst the most heated in the history of the new biblical criticism and had carried on for over a century, it has finally ended when the veracity of the new opinion was acknowledged by everyone.
Speaker 4 (25m 10s): Imagine that
Speaker 3 (25m 14s): If such fear as a dispute flared up around the biblical vocal A vocalizations in the sixth through seventh century, could this mean these very vocalizations were introduced very recently. Could this have happened the 15th through 16th century? And since this vocalization version was far from the commonly accepted version, it had to encounter opposition, which may have been quite vehement. It was only much later that the Mosrite deciphering have the Bible shifted by Lavita and Capellas into the seventh and eighth century AED.
So it has to give the biblical text, the authority of antiquity, the situation with the Qur'an. It must have been similar, or we are informed that Arabic writing becomes developed further in the middle of the seventh century. When the first transcription the Qur'an took place, 60 51 80, the additional diacritic marks on above or beneath the letter were introduced in the second half of the seventh century for differentiating between similarly written letters for vowels and doubled vows.
Other sources tell us that the vocalizations were only introduced in a second half of the eighth century by Al Kahleel, even Ahmed can, all of this activity, you have taken place in the 15th or 16th century, something to think about on a similar But incredibly non-related note I was going through is a phenomenal book called when Google met Wiki leaks and in the book, they have Eric Schmidt going and speaking with Julius ONJ in the embassy about.
So I don't know, I think it was six years ago. I have to double check on that. However, they're talking about utilizing Bitcoin as a method for not only currency, but stuffing information into the blockchain, just using different packets and what not. And that got me thinking, as we're going through this book, we're learning, there's a real possibility. All the dates in the History we are aware of is complete b******t.
That's all made up. And it got me thinking that right around the time, Bitcoin soared to $20 million, Julian Assange and WikiLeaks were stuffing a lot of information into the Bitcoin blockchain, potentially Wiener's laptop and stuff from the Hillary campaign. Wouldn't it be something, wouldn't it be something if a song like, and we leaks have put information into the blockchain that most people will not be able to extract at this point in time.
However, in the future, might it be the blockchain holds the true and accurate version of History. They can't be scrubbed. They can't be changed. And maybe that's one reason why everyone in the mass media is ignoring him. And there are so many people in power that hate him, because he has put something into the books that cannot be erased. It can not be scrubbed from history is something to think about it. Back to this book.
The sounds are an El. We are often confused in the middle ages. We shall give some direct evidence of the fact that the sounds are, and L were often subject to flexion Amsterdam among others is a city whose name was affected by such instability and was called And stir dam. Amsterdam am still down and is still low down. Just so you guys know how it's spelled a M S T E capital R D a N in the second one, Amsterdam, a M S T E L D a M.
And the third was AMZ tell low down. So just as I'm reading it, I want to going to give you the visual. We should mention another interesting
Speaker 1 (29m 42s): Fact here figures. 1.34 shows the title page of a book on navigation published in Amsterdam in 16 to 25. The name of the city has already given as Amsterdam the way it is written today. However, the old engraving that one sees on the same page gives the old name in a rather peculiar spelling am still read am.
As in figure, one point through five, both continents are present here and the bizarre combination of sound's is achieved as a result. This reminds us that the names have many European towns and cities had remained unstable until fairly recently when they became a magnetized and the printing press Epic. Numerous other examples of the phenomenon are given below that.
It brings me to UN another interesting point. Has anyone ever thought about how is it that the Asha Canarsie Jewish people ended up in the Rhine Valley? And isn't it strange? Like when you think about the word Ahsha Canarsie, what were the last four letters have that word it's in a Z Asha Canarsie.
Isn't that weird that the Asha Canarsie people or short, you know, it it's typical is a typical heuristic for people to shorten long words. So wouldn't it be logical to shorten Asha Canarsie to Nazi is the last four letters have the word, these people where in the rind valve, if you look up how they got there, it's pretty muddled. Additionally, the Ashkenazi or the Nazis that is talked about in most public schools, it's claimed that they were trying to create a master race of blonde hair, blue eyed people.
Isn't it interesting when you look at today's events like Jeffrey Epstein, who claimed he was part of the master race and in New Mexico, what was he doing? Had a breeding program, trying to spread his genes because he believed that he was part of a master race, but yet he claims to be Jewish. In fact, I don't know, is, was he on the Canarsie? I don't know, but it isn't, it strange that the Ashkenazi or the people we thought were the Nazis,
Speaker 3 (32m 41s): Isn't it weird? The rhetoric that you used around that the Nazis claims to be the master race and what to think about Ben Shapiro as a Ashkenazi, that guy is one of the most arrogant, condescending and arrogance through the roof. Like he's better than Everybody and he's Asha Canarsie, something to think about problems and the scallop Geri and geography of biblical events, archeology in the old Testament, the vocalizations of, wow, this is a crazy one.
Or the vocalizations of quotidian Lexis may not be all that important to our purposes, but the continent sequences is used for names of cities, countries, and rulers definitely are hundreds of different vocalizations were spawned. Some of which were arbitrarily localized in the middle East due to the hypothesis that binds biblical events to that area. Exclusively, the archaeologist Miller Burroughs expresses his unswerving trust in the correctness of the scholar, jeering and geography, writing that in general archeological work doubtlessly gives one a very strong confidence in the dependability of the biblical indications.
One of the modern archeological authorities, the American William Albright road, albeit Hazely, that one should not doubt that archaeology in reference to the excavations and modern Palestine confirms just how substantially historical the old Testament tradition is. However, Albright concedes that this situation with biblical archeology has so chaotic in the beginning of the 1993 to 1949 period, that the varying views on chronological issues could not have reached any sort of convergence at all.
And that under those circumstances, one really could not have used the archeological data concerning Palestine for illustrating the old Testament, the one time director of the British museum's or Frederick Kenyan and categorically insists that archeology has refuted the destructive criticism of the second half of the 19th century w Keller or even published a book title suggestively enough.
And yet the Bible is right, which tries to convince the reader of the veracity of the skeletal interpretation of biblical data. However, here's some information from there and the imminent archeologists, El Right also an avid supporter of the theory that the skeletal theory and localizations and datings have the biblical, the events were correct, or the overwhelming majority of findings, neither prove nor disprove anything. They Phil the background and provide a setting for History.
Unfortunately, many of the works that can be understood by the average reader has been written with excessive zeal and desire to prove the Bible, correct. The evidence is misused for making erroneous and semi correct conclusions. The pioneers of archaeology in Mesopotamia were CJ, rich A lanered and PE Bota in the 19th century. However, in order to get their research subsidized, they have to advertise their findings in a sensational manner.
Associating. There are findings with biblical towns and in a rather arbitrary man.
Speaker 5 (36m 36s): All right.
Speaker 3 (36m 40s): However, the accumulation of material evidence resulted in a significant quandary actual fact show that none of the old Testament books have concrete archeological proof of their scholar Jerian dating and localization in the 20th century, L Woolley, the prominent archeologists performed excavations of a town that he tried to identify as the biblical error that you are for those of you are.
However, it turned out that unfortunately one cannot give satisfactory chronological datings have the episodes concerning the biblical Abraham within the span of the second millennium of middle Eastern. History the scalp to Gerry in History insists that all the events concerning the biblical patriarchs occurred precisely and exclusively on the territory of the modern Mesopotamia in Syria.
Nevertheless, it is immediately acknowledged that as to what concerns the identity of the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. One can just reiterate that the information obtained as a result of the most fruitful excavations in Syria and Mesopotamia were extremely meager or simply non-existent one might wonder just how just a fireball it is to search for traces of the biblical patriarchs in modern Mesopotamia.
Furthermore scholar Gerry in history is of the opinion that all of the events involving the biblical Abraham and Moses occurred on the territory of modern Egypt. It is evasive. We stated that the historical, the intensity of this tradition is not archeologically But is historical plausibility is, but its historical plausibility is to get there with an account, have the circumstances that may have been the setting of the patriarchs biography.
We are also warned that one is to be cautious in one's use of cultural and social indications for dating purposes. Since we have the principle concept's in what regards to the era of the patriarchs, one needs to possess a certain flexibility in the fixation of chronology, as we shall soon see the flexibility may stretch as far as hundreds and even thousands of years, w Keller proceeds to tell us that Egypt remains indebted to the researchers.
In addition to the fact, they found nothing about Joseph neither documents nor or any of the traces of his time have been discovered. Egypt remains in debt and what concerns Moses as well. And this case one may wonder yet again, about the possibility of biblical events, having taken place in a different country, not necessarily bound to the territory of modern Egypt, the archaeologist Allbright and avid supporter of the <inaudible> interpretation of the Bible has never the less, you got to agree with the fact that the previous concept of the Exodus to Heran from the Cal Dane or found no archeological evidence except for the actual city.
Furthermore, it turned out that the very location of Mount Sinai is a known another complication is that the Bible often States mound for him to, I have been the place where the revelation was given. If we are to take the biblical description of the natural phenomena, a company said procedure, seriously, one has to presume the mountain to have been a volcano. The problem is that the mountain called Sinai nowadays has never been able Kino some archeologists play Sanai in North Arabia, claiming that it was located in Midian near Kadesh, but none of these mountains are the volcanoes either.
The Bible says that the Lord reigned upon Saddam and upon Gomorrah, brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven, skeleton Gary, and History locates this event somewhere in modern Mesopotamia. The first idea that one gets in the respect is the assumption of a volcanic eruption, but there are no volcanoes in this area. It seems natural to search for these cities in some area that he does have volcanoes.
However, this search is still conducted in Mesopotamia with great effort and no results whatsoever. And finally, a solution is reached. The Southern part of the dead sea appears to conceal some debris resembling tree trunks under a 400 meter layer of very salt and water or a very salty water of poor transparency. This has sufficed for the American archeologists diffent again, as well as w Keller after him to claim that the Valley of SIM together with the charred remains of both cities had submerged the Bible scholar and historian Martin No States explicitly that there is no reason to ascribe the destruction of the cities found by the archeologists in Palestine to the Israeli invasion in search of the so called the promised land.
As it was noted above from the archaeological point of view, if the entire scalp to Gerry and interpretation of the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, the son of nun becomes suspended in thin air, or we conducting our surge for the biblical promise land in the correct place. Could the troops of Joshua have been predominantly active elsewhere? It is further written that no archeological prove of any biblical report have the Epic have the judges exist to this day.
All of the judge's names contained in the old Testament, aren't known from any other soars and weren't found on any archaeological artifacts from either Palestine or any other country. This concern's the names of the first Kings cell David and Solomon skeleton, Gary, and History convinces us that Noah's Ark had more to Mount error rant in the caucuses Werner or a killer assures us that the Armenian village of bays it still keeps the legend of a shepherd who saw a large wooden vessel on the mound, the Turkish, the expedition of 1833 as mentioned some ship made of wood that was seen over the Southern glacier Keller proceeds Telus that in 1892, a certain doctor Newry was leading an expedition in search of the sources of the Euphrates and saw the fragment of a ship on the way back, which was filled with snow and dark red on the outside, the rushing aviator officer Roskow Wicki claim to have seen arch remanence from his airplane during the first world war Zar Nicolae.
The second is supposed to have commanded an entire expedition there, which had not only seen, but also photograph the remains of BR the American historian and missionary Aaron Smith from Greenburg, an expert in the problem on the Greek delusion wrote a history of Noah's Ark mentioning 80,000 publications on the topic. Finally, a scientific expedition was arranged in 1951 Smith spent 12 days on top of mountain air and with 40 and his colleagues, they found nothing.
Nevertheless, he made the following claim, even though we failed to find so much as a trace of now, my trust in the biblical tale of the Duluth has only become a firmer. We shall yet returned in 1952 of the expedition, a June day read, we were obtain similar results. This is somewhat anecdotal accounts here and barely scratches the surface of the problem of geographical locations. That is so acute for Skella Geri in chronology, as it were a Herbert Haag in his forward to a Cyrus Gordon's book or historical foundations have the old Testament.
Credit's the author with the following, his aim isn't apologetic, which makes him quite unlike other authors that drown the book market and paperbacks attempting to prove the Bible by jumbling together, all sorts of sensational in sensationalist proof receive from ancient Oriental sources, various museums, institutes, and universities send expeditions to the middle East for biblical excavations.
Great sums of money are invested in such excavations in a great many special societies and funds have been founded with the sole purpose of conducting archeological research. In the scale of Gerian biblical country's. The first one of these institutions was the research fund of Palestine founded in 1865. Currently there are about 20 similar organizations in existence among them. We find the American Institute for Oriental studies, the Jerusalem affiliate of the Vatican Institute of Bible studies and the Israeli research society.
No other region of the planet has been studied by archeologist with such intensity as the skeleton Jerian biblical territories. A great variety of literature is published on this subject as well, special magazine's monographs atlases, and album's for the popularization of biblical archeology. The biblical topic is often given priority at the expense of other archeological issues. The prominent Soviet historian who studied the antiquity academia con Vivi stru has got the following to say about it.
The excavations in Egypt and Babylonia were only of interest to the booze was Science sense. They could be linked to Palestine in order to find the funding needed for the excavations. The historians had to prove that an ancient copy of the Bible could be on earth as a result of their research or of the sandals of Moses may have. And then the monies were provided instantly.
The following example is a very representative in the early 20th century. A tablet archive was found in the city of OMA Mesopotamia, but since Omar isn't mentioned in the Bible and no enthusiastic entrepreneur could identify it as some biblical town, the excavations in Oman,
Speaker 6 (48m 23s): They were stopped and right,
Speaker 3 (48m 25s): And the archives scattered without even being studied, the tablets were sold to Perigi and collectors for one Frank
Speaker 6 (48m 34s): For peace
Speaker 3 (48m 37s): Archeology, as well as historical Science in general can find no proof of the biblical legend about the Egyptian slavery have the Jews, the Egypt tologist Wilhem Spielberg tells us that what the Bible reports about the plight of Israel and Egypt isn't any more of a historical fact than the accounts of Egyptian history related by Heraclitus. The state wrote that anyway, it is, it is clear that the research concerning the Pharaoh under whose rule Israel moved into Europe and left, it represents nothing but the juggling of names and dates void of all.
Meaning, let us repeat our question. Could an altogether different country be described by the name Egypt, the Bible, this in great many geographical locations that the people of Israel visited during there 40 years have wandering after the accident from Egypt, the archaeologists still failed to find these locations were the scholar Gerry in history, places that are biblical descriptions, right? It says that few sites in the weight of Mount Sinai can be identified with any degree of certainty would be the state and wrote that checking the itinerary of Israel has as much sense as I say, tracking the weight of the Burgundians return from King <inaudible> as described in the next balloon, Ghanaian the Egyptologist w Spielberg quote, this statement saying that we can still sign under every word of States and that the depiction of the events following the exit is a listing of the sites were stops, were made the crossing of the desert.
All of this is Fiction mini sites that we are considered to have been on. The itinerary of Israelis were excavated thoroughly and intensively for a long time. Now, no traces have ever been found.
Speaker 7 (50m 48s): The biblical account of the destruction of Jericho is well now one of the Arabic settlements in the middle East have been arbitrarily identified as the Biblica in Jericho whose walls were destroyed by the sounds of the horn. The settlement has been subject to thorough excavations since the endeavors of selling Watson and Garstang in the late 19th century, there were no results in 1952, an Anglo American archeological expedition led by Kathleen Kenyon, ventured to continue Garstang's research.
No justification's for identifying the excavating town of Jericho. I have ever been found. Right wrote that the information received about Jericho was called disappointing. And it is true. Not only is it hard to interpret the biblical tale of Jericho one, Can not so much as Tracey, the outline of the traditions History the Jericho issue is more problematic today than ever.
The Bible says that after Jericho, the Israelis destroyed the city of A the site where this city he was supposed to have been located, according to the calculations made by the historians has also been subject to fundamental research. Yet again, the results have failed to satisfy the German archaeologist and specialist in biblical History. Anton Jericho expresses his grief over the futility of the Jericho excavations and proceeds to describe those of AI as afflicted by an even greater discrepancy between the report of the conquest of AI that ensued and the results of the excavations.
According to the Bible, the Capitol of Judea in the rain of King Saul, he was the city of Gabay. The history is the historians have given birth to a hypothesis, identifying it as the runes excavated in the Tel L full Hill, six kilometers, the North of modern Jerusalem. However, it is conceded that not a single inscription was found in town and no clear evidence that the ruins belong to solves palace or a tower that he built, but had Saul's palace really been built there.
Conclusion archeological research shows that the books have the old Testament. I have no archeological proof of their localization dating as suggested by the scholar, Geri and tradition. There's the entire Mesopotamian and biblical theory becomes a questionable archeology in the new Testament. The traditional localization of the events described the new Testament isn't in any better conditioned.
The lack of archeological proof of the scholar Jerian localization of the new Testament is explained by the fact that Jerusalem was destroyed in the years, 66 to 73, and that the Jews had been forbidden to come anywhere near the city. Skeleton Gerry in history is of the opinion that Jerusalem can be located at the settlement that the locals call El Kunz whose site used to be perfectly barren before also known as A Leah cuppy to Salina Eileena capital, even if it was after the passage of some time that the ancient Jerusalem was reborn here, the historical remanence of biblical times shown to tourists today, such as the wailing wall, et cetera, do not hold up to even minimal scientific criticism in full absence of historical and archeological proof.
Figure 1.36 shows an ancient miniature allegedly dating from 14 seven that depicts the pillaging of Jerusalem by the Syrian King Antioch is epiphany pages one 64, one 65. As we can see the medieval author of the miniature didn't hesitate to represent Jerusalem as a typically medieval town with Gothic buildings and towers and all the warriors wearing medieval plate armor.
Isn't that interesting. One must emphasize that the versions exist apart from the Skalla. Jerry in the Catholic church, for instance, has been claiming the very house that Virgin Mary had lived in and where Archangel Gabriel appeared before her to have been located in the Italian town of Loretto since the 13th century, which means that the Catholic version transfer's a part of evangelical events' to Italy, to the earliest document concerning.
If the libretto Haus is the bowl issued by Pope urban the sixth day to day 1387 in 1891, Pope Leo 13 issued and in siclicle and celebrating a of the 600 years of Laredos miracle. Thus, the miracle is dated to the 13th century AED historians, Mark, that Loretto remains a Holy pilgrimage place for the Catholics to this day.
A Y Lynn Smith tells us the following and the search for st. Peters, a simple churn, for instance, in 1940, the excavation sanctioned by Pope Pius, the 12th or commenced under the Vatican Cripps and their peak fel on the post war years in the late 1940s, a solemn statement was made by the press, especially the Catholic press.
Since the excavations must have been expensive, that not only the burial spot of the apostle Peter was found, but his remains as well. And object of analysis of the results of Vatican excavations demonstrated all of these claims to have been false Pope Pius, even have to make a radio announcement on the 24th of December, 1950, where he had acknowledged the impossibility of making any for racial claims about the unearth human bones, belonging, to be a possible the location of the town of, and the man is near which cheeses is said to have appeared before his disciples, after the resurrection defies, all the attempts have being determined.
The place have the transfiguration of Jesus Mt. To bore also remains impossible to locate. Even the location of Golgotha is doubted by historians sec, in his guess sheet day, Dez under gang's or antique in weld History of the ancient world's declined. Three wrote that we have no intention of picturing his earthly destiny.
All the issues of the origins of Christianity are so complex that we are glad to have the opportunity and the right to leave them well alone, a convenient stance, and one that has got absolutely nothing to do with Science the archaeologist Schwager somes up in the following way. This is where the tragedy begins for the believer whose primary need is to know the place on earth where his savior had lived and suffered, but it is the location of this place of his Christ death that remains covered in impenetrable darkness.
If we are to Think in archeological categories, apparently there is no possibility of determining the location of the cities of Nazareth and Cabernet them as well as That of Golgotha, et cetera. On the territory of modern Palestine, we shall call it the following noteworthy observation to sum it up, reading the literature related to evangelical archeology.
We use a strange impression, tens and hundreds of pages are devoted to the descriptions of how the excavations were organized, what the location of the site and the objects relevant to the research looks like the historical and biblical background for this research, et cetera. And the final Part the one that is supposed to cover the result of the research just contains a number of insubstantial and obviously embarrassed phrases about how the problem was not solved, but there's still hope, et cetera.
It can be said categorically. And with all certainty that not a single event described the new Testament has any valid archeological pieces for It. This is perfectly true in what concerns, the identity and the biography of Jesus Christ. There was no proof for the location of any of the places where the evangelical events are traditionally supposed to have occurred.
We ask yet again, is it correct to search for the traces of the events? Describe it in the new Testament, in the middle Eastern Palestine, could they have been taken place somewhere else? Could they have taken place somewhere else? Well, my friends that's going to be it. So for this edition here to tell you what it is a real head scratcher, and it's fun to think about it.
I hope it has provided you with about hours of not having to think about til the next one on my friends. You have something to do something to look forward too, and someone to love all the time.
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Speaker 0 (0s): Welcome back in real life. History Fiction And or saw you in science.
Speaker 1 (30s): I'm assuming you've all listened to the first few sessions. So with that being said, let us jump with both feet right back into the thick of it into History or is it Fiction timekeeping in the middle ages? Historians discussed the chaos reigning in the medieval dating's peculiar in medieval. Anachronisms the scalp of Gerry in a chronological version.
I was far from being the only one. It competed with Virgin virgins. It competed with the virgins
Speaker 0 (1m 19s): Prudence.
Speaker 1 (1m 20s): That's ridiculous. It competed with aversions that were significantly different. The crumb mentions with the chaos reigning in the medieval. Dating's 70 to page 73. Furthermore, the analysis of ancient documents shows us that old concepts of time were substantially different from modern ones before the 13th and 14th century.
The devices for time measurement were a rarity and a luxury. Even the scientist didn't always possess them. The Englishman Val carious was lamenting the lack of a clock that is afflicted the precision of his observations of a lunar eclipse in 10 91. The clocks come in for medieval Europe where sundials, hourglasses and water clocks or clip see Dre.
However, sundials only were have used when the weather was good. And the clips a Dre remained a scarcity page 94, just so everybody knows. I'm going to put whenever I read or say a page number that doesn't correspond with what I'm reading, or if I stop in say a page number, you should be able to look down and see the figure of which the book is talking about. So FYI, just for that, <inaudible> In the end of the ninth century, a D candles were widely used for timekeeping.
The English King Alfred took them a long on his journey's and ordered them to be burned one. After the other page 94, the same manner of timekeeping was used in the 13th and 14th century in the reign of Charles the fifth, for instance, the monks kept count of time by the amount of Holy book pages or Psalms they could read in between two observations of the sky for the majority. The main timekeeping medium was the tolling of the church bells page 94.
One is to bear in mind that astronomical observations require a chronometer that possesses a second hand. While we learn that even after the discovery and the propagation of mechanical chronometers in Europe, they have been lacking the minute hand for a long time page 95. It was also to be said that the ultra sophisticated chronological Kabbalah develop in the middle ages contradicts the imprecision of Tim poral observation's.
For instance, the very periods used for measuring time on earth, acquire an entirely different duration when use for measuring the biblical events, Augustine equaled every Genesis day to a millennium, thus attempting to define their duration of the history of humankind pages one Oh nine to one 10, such an inherent trait of the medieval history geography as its and a acronystic propensity is for importance to us is of importance to us.
Sorry about that. The past is described in the same categories as the contemporary epoch, the biblical and the ancient characters where medieval attire a medieval more or less describes Cardenas to the ancient Romans, which was a purely nightly virtue. The <inaudible> of the old and new Testament are not put in a direct temporal sequence to the fact that the portals of medieval cathedrals portray old Testament, Kings and patriarchs together with the ancient sages in evangelical characters, unravels the <inaudible> attitude of History like nothing else.
In the end of the 11th century, the crusaders were certain. They came to punish the actual executioners, have the savior and not there offspring. They just won 17 to one. It is significant enough and we shall come back to it later on modern historians based their observations on the scale of Jerian chronology, believing that the medieval authors had attained a state of great confusion and will concern both concepts in a box due to their alleged ignorance and that they had confused the ancient biblical epoch with the medieval one medieval painters, for instance, kept portraying the biblical and the ancient character's and typically medieval costumes.
However, another point of view is also viable. One that differs from the traditional love for anocronysms explanation, namely that all of the statements made by the medieval chronograph offers and artists may have reflected reality. And we consider them to be an anachronistic because we follow the erroneous Skella Jerian chronology the scale of Gerry in a chronological version only managed to immortalize one medieval chronological concept out of many other versions previously co-existed with the consensual, a chronology, for instance, if it was assumed that the Holy Roman empire of the German nation in the 10th through 13th century D was the immediate descendant of the ancient Roman empire that is alleged to have existed in the 11th century, a D according to the Scala Gerry in version Mark, the repercussions of the discussion that appears very odd in our time PetSmart made the statement that he was supposed to have based on a number of physiological and psychological observations that the privileges granted by Nero Caesar to the house of Austrian Dukes in the 13th century, a D or a fake, it needed the proof in those days for the modern historian.
The thought that the ancient Caesar and Nero were the contemporaries of a medieval Austrian house of Duke's that had only commenced its rain in 1273, a B D that is about 1200 years after Cesar in Nero is naturally a preposterous one. However, as we see the medieval opponents of Petrarch were have a different opinion since it needed proof Priester, it makes the following observation in this way, same notorious documents.
All the interested parties were perfectly aware that the documents were blatant and shameless forgeries such as the modern interpretation have the fact, and nevertheless politely shut their eyes on the circumstance, an abnormally large number of anachronisms that transposed ancient events into the <inaudible> of the 11th through 14th century is contained in the medieval German Chronicles and texts.
Detailed reference may be obtained. The reader must be accustomed to be leaving. The famous gladiator fights only occur in the distant ancient age. This is not the case. However, VE class off the class of Skee in having told us of the gladiator fights in the ancient Rome proceeds to add that these fights took place in the medieval Europe have the 14th century as well.
For instance, he mentions the gladiator fights in Naples around 1344, a D, which were attended by Johanna of Naples and Andrew of hungry. These medieval fights indeed, with the depth of one of the fighters, exactly the way they did in the ancient right times the chronology and the dating of biblical texts, the datings of religious sources are virtually woven out of obscurity and confusion. The biblical chronology in datings are have a very vague nature since they are based on the authority of late medieval theologians, the history, the historians, right?
The following, the true history of the origins of the books comprising the new Testament also fails to concur with the one backed by the church, the order of the new Testament books. And that is use nowadays as the direct opposite, have the one set by the ecclesial tradition. The real names of the authors of medieval books remain unknown. As we shall learn the consensual point of view about the old Testament books proceeding, those of the new Testament also causes many doubts and contradicts the results obtained by modern Periodico statistical dating methods.
One should also consider the issue of the age of the biblical manuscripts that have reached our time. They turn out to be of medieval Origen. The oldest more or less complete copies of the Greek Bible are the manuscripts of Alexandria Vatican and Mount Sinai. All three manuscripts are dated paleo graphically, which is with such an F from rural concept as handwriting style used as a basis to the second half of the ninth century 80, the codex language is green.
The least is known about the Vatican codex. Nobody knows how the artifact manifested in the Vatican around 1475. Imagine that the Alexandrian codex is known to have been given to the English King, Charles, the First by the patriarch Cyril, a nucleus
Speaker 3 (12m 25s): In 1628.
Speaker 1 (12m 27s): The codex of Mount Sinai was only discovered in the 19th century by Kay tischendorf pages two 68 to two 70. So the three oldest codices in the Bible only service after the war 15th century had the reputation of their antiquity was created by the authority of K Titian door who had based his research on the style of handwriting.
However, the very idea of paleo graphical dating apparently implies the existence of a known Global chronology of other documents. And thus cannot be regarded as an independent dating method in any way. What we know for certain is that the History of these documents can be traced as far back as 1475. In other words, no other more or less complete ancient Greek Bibles. It works
Speaker 3 (13m 26s): Exist among right
Speaker 1 (13m 28s): Separate biblical books. The oldest ones are considered to be those of Zachariah and Malakai data to the alleged
Speaker 3 (13m 37s): Sixth century, a D
Speaker 1 (13m 39s): Also pay or paleo graphically. The most ancient in biblical manuscripts are angry.
Speaker 3 (13m 47s): Page two 70.
Speaker 1 (13m 49s): There are no he break manuscripts or the Bible feeding in the ninth century in existence. Although those of a more recent time, primarily the middle of the alleged 13th century are kept in many national library's. The oldest Hebraic, a manuscript is a fragment of the books of prophets, and it is data to eight 59, a D one of the two second oldest manuscripts is data to nine, 16, 80, and contains the books of the prophets, the other, his data to 1008 80, and contains the text of the old Testament.
However, the first manuscript was dated to 1228 by the scribe, the so-called Babylonian punctuation of letters given here allows this text to be dated by the solution AERA, which gives us nine 16. However, there are no serious foundation's for such a statement, and it is hence possible that the dating was given in years since Christ, in which case, in which case the manuscript would be long to the 13th century and not the 10th.
The oldest he breaks a document containing the complete old Testament can be ascribed to the alleged year, 1008, a D it is supposed to the biblical cannon was agreed upon by thee Leo D see, and counsel them in three 63, a D, but no edicts of this council remain in existence. And the same concerns. The previous councils, the cannon was really made official buy. The new tried in council called And 1545, the <inaudible> of the reformation, and continued until 1563.
In figure 1.3, three, we can see a painting of one of the council sessions by a Titan. So a great many books where destroyed by the edict have the tried and council are the ones to consider apocryphal, namely the Chronicles of the JAIC and Israeli Kings. We shall never be able to read these books, but there is one thing that we can be perfectly certain of. They were destroyed since they had described History differently from the books approved by the winning faction of the scholar, Jerry It historians.
We should emphasize that there were a lot more apocryphal Opus is that those certified canonical and that most biblical datings are wholly dependent on paleography, which means that they are based upon the op priori chronological knowledge of the skeleton area in school. And he would change automatically if a chronological paradigm shift occurred.
Let us give an important example in 1902, the Englishman Nash purchased a fragment of an Egyptian papyri is a manuscript whose dating cannot be agreed upon by the scientist to this day. Do you find a new agreement was made that the text corresponds to the beginning of our era later on after the discovery of the Qumran manuscripts, the comparison of the handwriting Stiles in both Nash's per Pirate's and the manuscripts allowed for the determination of the greater antiquity of the ladder.
Thus one papaya is fragment whose dating cannot be agreed upon pulls a whole lot of other documents after it. Nevertheless, the dating of the Qumran scrolls provoked major dispute amongst scientists. The dating range I was given from the second century and until the <inaudible> of the crusades in the early and dating is considered proven F in 1962, when a radio carbon research of the Qumran manuscripts was conducted, how Weber as the us, as we shall mention it again, later on the radio carbon method is really unsuitable the dating of specimen whose age falls into a span of two to three millennia.
Since the ensuing datings cover too wide of a time range. This may read shame, Y as wide, a span is one to 2000 years' for specimens, whose age reach is one to 2000 years, as you can see, they're pretty much ridiculous. Although dated the Cron manuscripts to a 68, a D the American historian S Zeeland categorically insists on the medieval origin of these texts, we shall give you a more detailed account of matters concerning the biblical manuscripts in Chronicle six difficulties and contradictions arising from the reading of old text, how does one read a text written and continents exclusively, the vocalization problem, or the datings of other biblical fragments that we possess today?
Also need attentive, additional analysis attempts to read most of the old manuscripts, such as the biblical in the ancient Egyptian ones are often confront historians with Sara with severe difficulties. The first steps of our research into the primordial language of the old Testament brings us to the fact of paramount importance, which is that written Hebrew, neither had signs for a vowels originally, nor or any other signs to replace them.
The books have the old Testament were written and nothing but consonants. The situation is a typical ancient Slavonic text's for instance, also come as chains of continence often even lacking the vocalization symbols and separation of individual words from one another, just an endless stream of continents, ancient Egyptian texts also contain nothing but continents. The name of the Egyptian Kings are rendered in modern literature in a perfectly arbitrary manner, all a primary school textbook content.
There is a plethora of significant variations that define all the attempts of classification being as a result of arbitrary interpretation that become a tradition. It is possible that the scarcity and the high cost of writing materials made the ancient scribes extremely frugal, and the vowels where you eliminated as a result. It is true that if we take a Hebrew Bible or a manuscript, nowadays, we shall find a skeleton of continence filled with DOT's and other signs that are supposed to refer to the missing vowels, such signs were not included in the ancient Hebrew Bible.
The books had been written in continence exclusively and filled with the vowels by the readers to the best of their ability and in accordance with the apparent demands of common sense and a oral tradition. Imagine how precise the kind of writing that consisted of them are nothing but continents would be today. When the combination BLD, for instance could mean blood bled, bull, bill Boyle, bald, et cetera, RVR, it could stand for a river Rover or a raver, the vocalization Alia, Tory quotient in him in ancient Hebrew, SAIC, and other old languages, exceptionally high, many continent combinations may be vocalized in dozens of ways.
Cassini is wrote that it was easily understood how I'm perfect and unclear such writing method has been T F Curtis also noted that even for priests, the meaning of the scripture remained extremely doubtful and could only be understood with the aid of the tradition and its authority, Robertson Smith ads, the ads that the scholars had no other guide, but the actual a text that was often ambiguous and oral tradition, they had no grammatical rules to follow the Hebraic that they wrote and often allow for verbal constructions that were impossible in the ancient language Scala Geri.
And History consider this status quo to have prevailed for many centuries. It is furthermore assume that this paucity of the Hebraic Bible was only remedied in the seventh or eighth century of our era when the Montserrat's had prophesied processed the Bible and added symbols that stood for vowels, but they had no other guides, but their own intuition and very fragmentary oral tradition.
And this fact is known perfectly well to every expert in the Hebraic languages driver points out that since the Montserrat's and their efforts in the seventh and eighth centuries, the Jews have started to protect their Holy books with the utmost zeal and vigor. When it had already been too late to mitigate the damage done
Speaker 3 (23m 46s): To them in anyway, the results of the overzealous protection has been the magnetization have the distortions that have been made equal to the original text in authority. The common opinion you use to be that the vowels were introduced to the Hebraic texts by Ezra in the fifth century, BC when Lavita and Capelli is proved the wrong in the 16th and 17th century, France demonstrating that the vowels had only been introduced by the Mosrite.
So the discovery meeting, great sensation in the entire Protestant in Europe, many were have the opinion that there's new theory might lead to be complete dethronement of religion. If the vows weren't received in any Tiffani of divine inspiration, being nearly a human creation and in a relatively recent one, At that how could one rely on the text of the Holy rent? The debate that followed had been amongst the most heated in the history of the new biblical criticism and had carried on for over a century, it has finally ended when the veracity of the new opinion was acknowledged by everyone.
Speaker 4 (25m 10s): Imagine that
Speaker 3 (25m 14s): If such fear as a dispute flared up around the biblical vocal A vocalizations in the sixth through seventh century, could this mean these very vocalizations were introduced very recently. Could this have happened the 15th through 16th century? And since this vocalization version was far from the commonly accepted version, it had to encounter opposition, which may have been quite vehement. It was only much later that the Mosrite deciphering have the Bible shifted by Lavita and Capellas into the seventh and eighth century AED.
So it has to give the biblical text, the authority of antiquity, the situation with the Qur'an. It must have been similar, or we are informed that Arabic writing becomes developed further in the middle of the seventh century. When the first transcription the Qur'an took place, 60 51 80, the additional diacritic marks on above or beneath the letter were introduced in the second half of the seventh century for differentiating between similarly written letters for vowels and doubled vows.
Other sources tell us that the vocalizations were only introduced in a second half of the eighth century by Al Kahleel, even Ahmed can, all of this activity, you have taken place in the 15th or 16th century, something to think about on a similar But incredibly non-related note I was going through is a phenomenal book called when Google met Wiki leaks and in the book, they have Eric Schmidt going and speaking with Julius ONJ in the embassy about.
So I don't know, I think it was six years ago. I have to double check on that. However, they're talking about utilizing Bitcoin as a method for not only currency, but stuffing information into the blockchain, just using different packets and what not. And that got me thinking, as we're going through this book, we're learning, there's a real possibility. All the dates in the History we are aware of is complete b******t.
That's all made up. And it got me thinking that right around the time, Bitcoin soared to $20 million, Julian Assange and WikiLeaks were stuffing a lot of information into the Bitcoin blockchain, potentially Wiener's laptop and stuff from the Hillary campaign. Wouldn't it be something, wouldn't it be something if a song like, and we leaks have put information into the blockchain that most people will not be able to extract at this point in time.
However, in the future, might it be the blockchain holds the true and accurate version of History. They can't be scrubbed. They can't be changed. And maybe that's one reason why everyone in the mass media is ignoring him. And there are so many people in power that hate him, because he has put something into the books that cannot be erased. It can not be scrubbed from history is something to think about it. Back to this book.
The sounds are an El. We are often confused in the middle ages. We shall give some direct evidence of the fact that the sounds are, and L were often subject to flexion Amsterdam among others is a city whose name was affected by such instability and was called And stir dam. Amsterdam am still down and is still low down. Just so you guys know how it's spelled a M S T E capital R D a N in the second one, Amsterdam, a M S T E L D a M.
And the third was AMZ tell low down. So just as I'm reading it, I want to going to give you the visual. We should mention another interesting
Speaker 1 (29m 42s): Fact here figures. 1.34 shows the title page of a book on navigation published in Amsterdam in 16 to 25. The name of the city has already given as Amsterdam the way it is written today. However, the old engraving that one sees on the same page gives the old name in a rather peculiar spelling am still read am.
As in figure, one point through five, both continents are present here and the bizarre combination of sound's is achieved as a result. This reminds us that the names have many European towns and cities had remained unstable until fairly recently when they became a magnetized and the printing press Epic. Numerous other examples of the phenomenon are given below that.
It brings me to UN another interesting point. Has anyone ever thought about how is it that the Asha Canarsie Jewish people ended up in the Rhine Valley? And isn't it strange? Like when you think about the word Ahsha Canarsie, what were the last four letters have that word it's in a Z Asha Canarsie.
Isn't that weird that the Asha Canarsie people or short, you know, it it's typical is a typical heuristic for people to shorten long words. So wouldn't it be logical to shorten Asha Canarsie to Nazi is the last four letters have the word, these people where in the rind valve, if you look up how they got there, it's pretty muddled. Additionally, the Ashkenazi or the Nazis that is talked about in most public schools, it's claimed that they were trying to create a master race of blonde hair, blue eyed people.
Isn't it interesting when you look at today's events like Jeffrey Epstein, who claimed he was part of the master race and in New Mexico, what was he doing? Had a breeding program, trying to spread his genes because he believed that he was part of a master race, but yet he claims to be Jewish. In fact, I don't know, is, was he on the Canarsie? I don't know, but it isn't, it strange that the Ashkenazi or the people we thought were the Nazis,
Speaker 3 (32m 41s): Isn't it weird? The rhetoric that you used around that the Nazis claims to be the master race and what to think about Ben Shapiro as a Ashkenazi, that guy is one of the most arrogant, condescending and arrogance through the roof. Like he's better than Everybody and he's Asha Canarsie, something to think about problems and the scallop Geri and geography of biblical events, archeology in the old Testament, the vocalizations of, wow, this is a crazy one.
Or the vocalizations of quotidian Lexis may not be all that important to our purposes, but the continent sequences is used for names of cities, countries, and rulers definitely are hundreds of different vocalizations were spawned. Some of which were arbitrarily localized in the middle East due to the hypothesis that binds biblical events to that area. Exclusively, the archaeologist Miller Burroughs expresses his unswerving trust in the correctness of the scholar, jeering and geography, writing that in general archeological work doubtlessly gives one a very strong confidence in the dependability of the biblical indications.
One of the modern archeological authorities, the American William Albright road, albeit Hazely, that one should not doubt that archaeology in reference to the excavations and modern Palestine confirms just how substantially historical the old Testament tradition is. However, Albright concedes that this situation with biblical archeology has so chaotic in the beginning of the 1993 to 1949 period, that the varying views on chronological issues could not have reached any sort of convergence at all.
And that under those circumstances, one really could not have used the archeological data concerning Palestine for illustrating the old Testament, the one time director of the British museum's or Frederick Kenyan and categorically insists that archeology has refuted the destructive criticism of the second half of the 19th century w Keller or even published a book title suggestively enough.
And yet the Bible is right, which tries to convince the reader of the veracity of the skeletal interpretation of biblical data. However, here's some information from there and the imminent archeologists, El Right also an avid supporter of the theory that the skeletal theory and localizations and datings have the biblical, the events were correct, or the overwhelming majority of findings, neither prove nor disprove anything. They Phil the background and provide a setting for History.
Unfortunately, many of the works that can be understood by the average reader has been written with excessive zeal and desire to prove the Bible, correct. The evidence is misused for making erroneous and semi correct conclusions. The pioneers of archaeology in Mesopotamia were CJ, rich A lanered and PE Bota in the 19th century. However, in order to get their research subsidized, they have to advertise their findings in a sensational manner.
Associating. There are findings with biblical towns and in a rather arbitrary man.
Speaker 5 (36m 36s): All right.
Speaker 3 (36m 40s): However, the accumulation of material evidence resulted in a significant quandary actual fact show that none of the old Testament books have concrete archeological proof of their scholar Jerian dating and localization in the 20th century, L Woolley, the prominent archeologists performed excavations of a town that he tried to identify as the biblical error that you are for those of you are.
However, it turned out that unfortunately one cannot give satisfactory chronological datings have the episodes concerning the biblical Abraham within the span of the second millennium of middle Eastern. History the scalp to Gerry in History insists that all the events concerning the biblical patriarchs occurred precisely and exclusively on the territory of the modern Mesopotamia in Syria.
Nevertheless, it is immediately acknowledged that as to what concerns the identity of the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. One can just reiterate that the information obtained as a result of the most fruitful excavations in Syria and Mesopotamia were extremely meager or simply non-existent one might wonder just how just a fireball it is to search for traces of the biblical patriarchs in modern Mesopotamia.
Furthermore scholar Gerry in history is of the opinion that all of the events involving the biblical Abraham and Moses occurred on the territory of modern Egypt. It is evasive. We stated that the historical, the intensity of this tradition is not archeologically But is historical plausibility is, but its historical plausibility is to get there with an account, have the circumstances that may have been the setting of the patriarchs biography.
We are also warned that one is to be cautious in one's use of cultural and social indications for dating purposes. Since we have the principle concept's in what regards to the era of the patriarchs, one needs to possess a certain flexibility in the fixation of chronology, as we shall soon see the flexibility may stretch as far as hundreds and even thousands of years, w Keller proceeds to tell us that Egypt remains indebted to the researchers.
In addition to the fact, they found nothing about Joseph neither documents nor or any of the traces of his time have been discovered. Egypt remains in debt and what concerns Moses as well. And this case one may wonder yet again, about the possibility of biblical events, having taken place in a different country, not necessarily bound to the territory of modern Egypt, the archaeologist Allbright and avid supporter of the <inaudible> interpretation of the Bible has never the less, you got to agree with the fact that the previous concept of the Exodus to Heran from the Cal Dane or found no archeological evidence except for the actual city.
Furthermore, it turned out that the very location of Mount Sinai is a known another complication is that the Bible often States mound for him to, I have been the place where the revelation was given. If we are to take the biblical description of the natural phenomena, a company said procedure, seriously, one has to presume the mountain to have been a volcano. The problem is that the mountain called Sinai nowadays has never been able Kino some archeologists play Sanai in North Arabia, claiming that it was located in Midian near Kadesh, but none of these mountains are the volcanoes either.
The Bible says that the Lord reigned upon Saddam and upon Gomorrah, brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven, skeleton Gary, and History locates this event somewhere in modern Mesopotamia. The first idea that one gets in the respect is the assumption of a volcanic eruption, but there are no volcanoes in this area. It seems natural to search for these cities in some area that he does have volcanoes.
However, this search is still conducted in Mesopotamia with great effort and no results whatsoever. And finally, a solution is reached. The Southern part of the dead sea appears to conceal some debris resembling tree trunks under a 400 meter layer of very salt and water or a very salty water of poor transparency. This has sufficed for the American archeologists diffent again, as well as w Keller after him to claim that the Valley of SIM together with the charred remains of both cities had submerged the Bible scholar and historian Martin No States explicitly that there is no reason to ascribe the destruction of the cities found by the archeologists in Palestine to the Israeli invasion in search of the so called the promised land.
As it was noted above from the archaeological point of view, if the entire scalp to Gerry and interpretation of the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, the son of nun becomes suspended in thin air, or we conducting our surge for the biblical promise land in the correct place. Could the troops of Joshua have been predominantly active elsewhere? It is further written that no archeological prove of any biblical report have the Epic have the judges exist to this day.
All of the judge's names contained in the old Testament, aren't known from any other soars and weren't found on any archaeological artifacts from either Palestine or any other country. This concern's the names of the first Kings cell David and Solomon skeleton, Gary, and History convinces us that Noah's Ark had more to Mount error rant in the caucuses Werner or a killer assures us that the Armenian village of bays it still keeps the legend of a shepherd who saw a large wooden vessel on the mound, the Turkish, the expedition of 1833 as mentioned some ship made of wood that was seen over the Southern glacier Keller proceeds Telus that in 1892, a certain doctor Newry was leading an expedition in search of the sources of the Euphrates and saw the fragment of a ship on the way back, which was filled with snow and dark red on the outside, the rushing aviator officer Roskow Wicki claim to have seen arch remanence from his airplane during the first world war Zar Nicolae.
The second is supposed to have commanded an entire expedition there, which had not only seen, but also photograph the remains of BR the American historian and missionary Aaron Smith from Greenburg, an expert in the problem on the Greek delusion wrote a history of Noah's Ark mentioning 80,000 publications on the topic. Finally, a scientific expedition was arranged in 1951 Smith spent 12 days on top of mountain air and with 40 and his colleagues, they found nothing.
Nevertheless, he made the following claim, even though we failed to find so much as a trace of now, my trust in the biblical tale of the Duluth has only become a firmer. We shall yet returned in 1952 of the expedition, a June day read, we were obtain similar results. This is somewhat anecdotal accounts here and barely scratches the surface of the problem of geographical locations. That is so acute for Skella Geri in chronology, as it were a Herbert Haag in his forward to a Cyrus Gordon's book or historical foundations have the old Testament.
Credit's the author with the following, his aim isn't apologetic, which makes him quite unlike other authors that drown the book market and paperbacks attempting to prove the Bible by jumbling together, all sorts of sensational in sensationalist proof receive from ancient Oriental sources, various museums, institutes, and universities send expeditions to the middle East for biblical excavations.
Great sums of money are invested in such excavations in a great many special societies and funds have been founded with the sole purpose of conducting archeological research. In the scale of Gerian biblical country's. The first one of these institutions was the research fund of Palestine founded in 1865. Currently there are about 20 similar organizations in existence among them. We find the American Institute for Oriental studies, the Jerusalem affiliate of the Vatican Institute of Bible studies and the Israeli research society.
No other region of the planet has been studied by archeologist with such intensity as the skeleton Jerian biblical territories. A great variety of literature is published on this subject as well, special magazine's monographs atlases, and album's for the popularization of biblical archeology. The biblical topic is often given priority at the expense of other archeological issues. The prominent Soviet historian who studied the antiquity academia con Vivi stru has got the following to say about it.
The excavations in Egypt and Babylonia were only of interest to the booze was Science sense. They could be linked to Palestine in order to find the funding needed for the excavations. The historians had to prove that an ancient copy of the Bible could be on earth as a result of their research or of the sandals of Moses may have. And then the monies were provided instantly.
The following example is a very representative in the early 20th century. A tablet archive was found in the city of OMA Mesopotamia, but since Omar isn't mentioned in the Bible and no enthusiastic entrepreneur could identify it as some biblical town, the excavations in Oman,
Speaker 6 (48m 23s): They were stopped and right,
Speaker 3 (48m 25s): And the archives scattered without even being studied, the tablets were sold to Perigi and collectors for one Frank
Speaker 6 (48m 34s): For peace
Speaker 3 (48m 37s): Archeology, as well as historical Science in general can find no proof of the biblical legend about the Egyptian slavery have the Jews, the Egypt tologist Wilhem Spielberg tells us that what the Bible reports about the plight of Israel and Egypt isn't any more of a historical fact than the accounts of Egyptian history related by Heraclitus. The state wrote that anyway, it is, it is clear that the research concerning the Pharaoh under whose rule Israel moved into Europe and left, it represents nothing but the juggling of names and dates void of all.
Meaning, let us repeat our question. Could an altogether different country be described by the name Egypt, the Bible, this in great many geographical locations that the people of Israel visited during there 40 years have wandering after the accident from Egypt, the archaeologists still failed to find these locations were the scholar Gerry in history, places that are biblical descriptions, right? It says that few sites in the weight of Mount Sinai can be identified with any degree of certainty would be the state and wrote that checking the itinerary of Israel has as much sense as I say, tracking the weight of the Burgundians return from King <inaudible> as described in the next balloon, Ghanaian the Egyptologist w Spielberg quote, this statement saying that we can still sign under every word of States and that the depiction of the events following the exit is a listing of the sites were stops, were made the crossing of the desert.
All of this is Fiction mini sites that we are considered to have been on. The itinerary of Israelis were excavated thoroughly and intensively for a long time. Now, no traces have ever been found.
Speaker 7 (50m 48s): The biblical account of the destruction of Jericho is well now one of the Arabic settlements in the middle East have been arbitrarily identified as the Biblica in Jericho whose walls were destroyed by the sounds of the horn. The settlement has been subject to thorough excavations since the endeavors of selling Watson and Garstang in the late 19th century, there were no results in 1952, an Anglo American archeological expedition led by Kathleen Kenyon, ventured to continue Garstang's research.
No justification's for identifying the excavating town of Jericho. I have ever been found. Right wrote that the information received about Jericho was called disappointing. And it is true. Not only is it hard to interpret the biblical tale of Jericho one, Can not so much as Tracey, the outline of the traditions History the Jericho issue is more problematic today than ever.
The Bible says that after Jericho, the Israelis destroyed the city of A the site where this city he was supposed to have been located, according to the calculations made by the historians has also been subject to fundamental research. Yet again, the results have failed to satisfy the German archaeologist and specialist in biblical History. Anton Jericho expresses his grief over the futility of the Jericho excavations and proceeds to describe those of AI as afflicted by an even greater discrepancy between the report of the conquest of AI that ensued and the results of the excavations.
According to the Bible, the Capitol of Judea in the rain of King Saul, he was the city of Gabay. The history is the historians have given birth to a hypothesis, identifying it as the runes excavated in the Tel L full Hill, six kilometers, the North of modern Jerusalem. However, it is conceded that not a single inscription was found in town and no clear evidence that the ruins belong to solves palace or a tower that he built, but had Saul's palace really been built there.
Conclusion archeological research shows that the books have the old Testament. I have no archeological proof of their localization dating as suggested by the scholar, Geri and tradition. There's the entire Mesopotamian and biblical theory becomes a questionable archeology in the new Testament. The traditional localization of the events described the new Testament isn't in any better conditioned.
The lack of archeological proof of the scholar Jerian localization of the new Testament is explained by the fact that Jerusalem was destroyed in the years, 66 to 73, and that the Jews had been forbidden to come anywhere near the city. Skeleton Gerry in history is of the opinion that Jerusalem can be located at the settlement that the locals call El Kunz whose site used to be perfectly barren before also known as A Leah cuppy to Salina Eileena capital, even if it was after the passage of some time that the ancient Jerusalem was reborn here, the historical remanence of biblical times shown to tourists today, such as the wailing wall, et cetera, do not hold up to even minimal scientific criticism in full absence of historical and archeological proof.
Figure 1.36 shows an ancient miniature allegedly dating from 14 seven that depicts the pillaging of Jerusalem by the Syrian King Antioch is epiphany pages one 64, one 65. As we can see the medieval author of the miniature didn't hesitate to represent Jerusalem as a typically medieval town with Gothic buildings and towers and all the warriors wearing medieval plate armor.
Isn't that interesting. One must emphasize that the versions exist apart from the Skalla. Jerry in the Catholic church, for instance, has been claiming the very house that Virgin Mary had lived in and where Archangel Gabriel appeared before her to have been located in the Italian town of Loretto since the 13th century, which means that the Catholic version transfer's a part of evangelical events' to Italy, to the earliest document concerning.
If the libretto Haus is the bowl issued by Pope urban the sixth day to day 1387 in 1891, Pope Leo 13 issued and in siclicle and celebrating a of the 600 years of Laredos miracle. Thus, the miracle is dated to the 13th century AED historians, Mark, that Loretto remains a Holy pilgrimage place for the Catholics to this day.
A Y Lynn Smith tells us the following and the search for st. Peters, a simple churn, for instance, in 1940, the excavation sanctioned by Pope Pius, the 12th or commenced under the Vatican Cripps and their peak fel on the post war years in the late 1940s, a solemn statement was made by the press, especially the Catholic press.
Since the excavations must have been expensive, that not only the burial spot of the apostle Peter was found, but his remains as well. And object of analysis of the results of Vatican excavations demonstrated all of these claims to have been false Pope Pius, even have to make a radio announcement on the 24th of December, 1950, where he had acknowledged the impossibility of making any for racial claims about the unearth human bones, belonging, to be a possible the location of the town of, and the man is near which cheeses is said to have appeared before his disciples, after the resurrection defies, all the attempts have being determined.
The place have the transfiguration of Jesus Mt. To bore also remains impossible to locate. Even the location of Golgotha is doubted by historians sec, in his guess sheet day, Dez under gang's or antique in weld History of the ancient world's declined. Three wrote that we have no intention of picturing his earthly destiny.
All the issues of the origins of Christianity are so complex that we are glad to have the opportunity and the right to leave them well alone, a convenient stance, and one that has got absolutely nothing to do with Science the archaeologist Schwager somes up in the following way. This is where the tragedy begins for the believer whose primary need is to know the place on earth where his savior had lived and suffered, but it is the location of this place of his Christ death that remains covered in impenetrable darkness.
If we are to Think in archeological categories, apparently there is no possibility of determining the location of the cities of Nazareth and Cabernet them as well as That of Golgotha, et cetera. On the territory of modern Palestine, we shall call it the following noteworthy observation to sum it up, reading the literature related to evangelical archeology.
We use a strange impression, tens and hundreds of pages are devoted to the descriptions of how the excavations were organized, what the location of the site and the objects relevant to the research looks like the historical and biblical background for this research, et cetera. And the final Part the one that is supposed to cover the result of the research just contains a number of insubstantial and obviously embarrassed phrases about how the problem was not solved, but there's still hope, et cetera.
It can be said categorically. And with all certainty that not a single event described the new Testament has any valid archeological pieces for It. This is perfectly true in what concerns, the identity and the biography of Jesus Christ. There was no proof for the location of any of the places where the evangelical events are traditionally supposed to have occurred.
We ask yet again, is it correct to search for the traces of the events? Describe it in the new Testament, in the middle Eastern Palestine, could they have been taken place somewhere else? Could they have taken place somewhere else? Well, my friends that's going to be it. So for this edition here to tell you what it is a real head scratcher, and it's fun to think about it.
I hope it has provided you with about hours of not having to think about til the next one on my friends. You have something to do something to look forward too, and someone to love all the time.
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